As part of the strategic modernization program undertaken in 1982, Strategic Air Command deployed fifty Peacekeeper missiles in modified Minuteman III silos assigned to the 400th Strategic Missile Squadron, 90th Strategic Missile Wing, F.E. Peacekeeper missile deployment also affected the Minuteman force. Today's Minuteman weapon system is the product of almost 35 years of continuous enhancement. Modernization programs have resulted in new versions of the missile, expanded targeting options, significantly improved accuracy and survivability. Through state-of-the-art improvements, the Minuteman system has evolved to meet new challenges and assume new missions. This joint Strategic Air Command and Air Force Logistics Command effort was the largest single missile logistics program ever undertaken within the ICBM program. Rivet MILE (Minuteman Integrated Life Extension Program) began 1 April 1985 at the 341st Strategic Missile Wing, Malmstrom AFB, Montana. To ensure the reliability and maintainability of the Minuteman force into the next century, the Air Force initiated a major Minuteman upgrade and modification program. Strategic Air Command expected Minuteman to play an important role in the command's force structure beyond the year 2000. At the end of December, the 741st SMS became the first SAC Minuteman III squadron to achieve operational status. On 17 April 1970, an important Minuteman III milestone was reached when the first missile was placed in a silo assigned to the 741st Strategic Missile Squadron, Minot AFB, North Dakota. A liquid-fueled post-boost propulsion system maneuvered the missile prior to deployment of the reentry vehicles, while upgraded guidance system electronics enhanced computer memory and accuracy. Its liquid injection attitude control system with a fixed nozzle on an improved third stage motor increased the Minuteman's range and the Minuteman III reentry system could deploy penetration aids and up to three Mark 12 or Mark 12A multiple independently-targetable reentry vehicles. The Minuteman III, using modernized Minuteman I and Minuteman II ground facilities, provided reentry vehicle and penetration aids deployment flexibility, increased payload, and improved survivability in a nuclear environment. Minuteman's maintenance concept capitalizes on high reliability and a "remove and replace" approach to achieve a near 100 percent alert rate.īy the time the last Minuteman IIs of the 564th SMS were placed on strategic alert in the spring of 1967, significant progress had been made on the development of an even more advanced ICBM. From the beginning, Minuteman missiles have provided a quick-reacting, inertially guided, highly survivable component to America's nuclear Triad. Both the missile and basing components incorporated significant advances beyond the relatively slow-reacting, liquid-fueled, remotely-controlled intercontinental ballistic missiles of the previous generation. Minuteman was a revolutionary concept and an extraordinary technical achievement. The Minuteman weapon system was conceived in the late 1950s and deployed in the early 1960s. Fully qualified airborne missile combat crews aboard airborne launch control center aircraft would execute the NCA orders. Should command capability be lost between the launch control center and remote missile launch facilities, specially-configured EC-135 airborne launch control center aircraft automatically assume command and control of the isolated missile or missiles. A variety of communication systems provide the National Command Authorities with highly reliable, virtually instantaneous direct contact with each launch crew. Launch crews, consisting of two officers, perform around-the-clock alert in the launch control center. The LGM-30 Minuteman missiles are dispersed in hardened silos to protect against attack and connected to an underground launch control center through a system of hardened cables. This concept is known as Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicles (MIRV). With this configuration, the RVs can be independently aimed at different targets within the missile's overall target area or "footprint". The mounting platform is also a "payload bus" and contains a restartable hypergolic rocket engine powered by hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. The shroud protects the RVs during the early phases of flight. The payload, the Mark 12 reentry system, consists of a payload mounting platform, penetration aids, three reentry vehicles (RVs) and an aerodynamic shroud. The third stage is larger and provides more thrust for a heavier payload. Operational since 1968, the model "G" differs from the "F" in the third stage and reentry system. Five hundred Minuteman III missiles are deployed at four bases in the north- central United States: Minot AFB and Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota, Malmstrom AFB, Montana, and F.
0 Comments
He later begins searching for his wife Jennifer to make amends and after rescuing her, leaves to find a new home. He is haunted by his memories of killing his children in front of his wife and leaving her alive with their dismembered bodies. As a result, he was cured and regained his humanity. After the Rising, he served as one of Dimitri's top lieutenants and was sent to bite "the dead woman", Vanessa. He became one of the first vampires turned by Julius during the Rising. Vincent Gale as Phil "Flesh" Fleischman (seasons 1–4), a vampire who was originally a human named Phil Fleishman.He was killed by Vanessa with a knife after severed fingers were found in his bag. David Cubitt as John (main season 1 guest season 3), a survivor of the Rising whose actions are fueled by anger, prejudice, suspicion and fear.He is later transformed into the Fourth vampire elder and soon meets his death at the hands of Dracula upon her emergence. He soon becomes a sociopathic vampire, hunting Vanessa for revenge. Vanessa cuts his tendons and leaves him to die but a feral vampire turns him. After his secret was uncovered by Mohamad, he explains to Vanessa that he had always been a killer. He likes to strangle his victims and cut off the right index finger, collecting them like the Indian mythological character Angulimāla (meaning "finger necklace"). Sam turns out to be the serial killer haunting the survivors. Christopher Heyerdahl as Samuel "Sam" (seasons 1–4 guest season 5), a deaf survivor of the Rising who relies on his strength and observational skills to stay hidden.He eventually forms a romantic relationship with Scarlett. He gains enhanced abilities from this, becoming immune to vampirism and has increased strength and healing abilities. He is later turned whilst saving the other survivors but thanks to Vanessa's abilities, he later becomes human once again. Jonathan Scarfe as Axel Miller, a former Marine with unwavering devotion and loyalty to both duty and Vanessa, despite years of isolation.Kelly Overton as Vanessa Van Helsing (formerly Vanessa Seward), humanity's last hope to lead an offensive to take back what has been lost in a post-Rising world, as her unique blood composition gives her the ability to turn vampires back into humans.Following Vanessa's apparent death in the fourth season, the series switches focus to her long-lost biological daughters Violet and Jack as they face a new "daywalker" breed of vampires as well as the "Dark One" and ruler of the vampire species, Countess Olivia von Dracula and her brides, a former countess of Transylvania and de facto President of the United States.Ĭast and characters Main In the third season, Vanessa and Scarlett hunt the Elders, the original vampires, in order to defeat them for good. In the second season, Vanessa journeys east towards the safe haven of Denver, Colorado and discovers her long-lost sister Scarlett, who has been trained to kill vampires since birth. She is protected by a Marine ordered to keep her safe, and the doctor who saved her, so she can lead a resistance against the vampires that plague the world's survivors. With this secret weapon, Vanessa becomes a prime target for the vampires. She is humanity's last hope, as her unique blood composition gives her the ability to turn vampires back into humans. Vanessa Van Helsing, a descendant of Abraham Van Helsing, awakens from a coma after her supposed death to find herself in a post-apocalyptic world, three years after an eruption of the Yellowstone Caldera had blanketed the world in ash, blocking out sunlight and allowing vampires to overrun humanity. Van Helsing is set in a post-apocalyptic near future. In December 2019, Syfy renewed the series for a fifth and final season which premiered on April 16, 2021, and concluded on June 25, 2021. A commercial-free advance preview of the pilot aired on Jon Syfy ahead of its Septempremiere. Kelly Overton plays the titular character of the series, which was inspired by Zenescope Entertainment's graphic novel series Helsing. Van Helsing is a fantasy horror drama television series. Since it’s online, HumongouS.io allows users to collaborate pretty seamlessly. HumongouS.io is a fully online MongoDB GUI. If you’re looking to easily share queries or turn your queries into tools, check out Retool. If you’re familiar with SQL and want to keep writing queries in everyone’s favorite query language™, NoSQLBooster is going to feel slick. If you want to completely avoid the command line, MongoDB’s Compass is probably the most fully featured and natively integrated GUI out there. If you’re looking to easily and quickly build a custom MongoDB GUI that can be shared with teams to securely interact with your Mongo data visually, check out DronaHQ. If you’re into visualizing hierarchies, there’s Tree View. Export single or multiple MongoDB collections to a SQL file or database, and map MongoDB fields to SQL tables and columns before the export is run. It allows documenting the validation schema and output HTML5 documentation, explore data visually, build native MongoDB queries, generate random data, build reports, etc. The validation rules model can be shared in a team and deployed on different databases. It enables you to design the MongoDB validation rules, for defining a clear way how the data is organized. Interact with Data in the Cloud Manager UI¶ Why developer experience is the key to better software, straight from the… This happened to me tonight, same situation, app worked fine etc. Break down queries into stages with Aggregation Editor, allowing you to apply various pipeline operators, debug, and check your results at every step. Write complex aggregate queries with greater confidence and accuracy. This is followed by a reduce stage that combines emitted objects from the output of the map operation. Save exports as tasks that you can run on-demand or schedule for later, whether on your local machine or a remote server. Export entire collections, views, current queries, current query results, or specific documents to CSV, JSON, SQL, BSON/mongodump, or another collection. See charts such as Operation Counts, Current Connections, and Current Network Traffic, on one convenient screen. Right-click on either a connection, database, or collection, and then easily customize which charts are shown. Studio 3T will automatically update to the latest version after each release. Compass samples and analyzes your documents to provide detailed metadata on your collections, including the ranges of dates and integers, most frequent values, and more. css-1tdaqiabackground-color:transparent color:#00ED64 font-weight:500 Toolsĭissect your document schema to understand your data at a deeper level. It doesn’t matter whether you want to use Robo 3T for education, your hobby project or for commercial use - Robo 3T will always be free and open source.css-1w632qofont-weight:500. High performance, standard-compliant JavaScript parser, written in JavaScript. How to view MongoDB data in RAD Studio Data Explorer using the CData FireDAC Components for MongoDB. Fill in the necessary connection parameters and click OK. I was able to get past this error by clicking on another collection in Atlas and then clicking back on to the collection that was giving me the error originally. Document DBs work through nested key-value pairs instead of relational tables and columns. And working with MongoDB through the command line is not exactly a cakewalk. No Cloud Manager configuration changes are required to access data in the Cloud Manager UI. It offers high performance with support for all the MongoDB and MongoDB Enterprise latest features. This MongoDB GUI tool Online Gaming: What is it and how to stay safe online merges friendly UI and Shell power. If there’s a feature you want but a plugin isn’t available yet, you can build your own using their plugin template. It provides a graphical view of your mongo database without you having to learn query languages. Learn App Development with Online Courses, Classes, & Lessons MongoDB Compass is an effective GUI tool from the makers of MongoDB. It is one of the best mongodb gui tools that provides supports for auto completion and syntax highlighting. This mongodb viewer allows users to execute JavaScript commands. A modern, robust and community-driven MongoDB management tool.Interact with Data in the Cloud Manager UI¶.css-1tdaqiabackground-color:transparent color:#00ED64 font-weight:500 Tools Our calculator adds 10% of gravel materials to allow for waste. Rather than try the math out above, just plug your measurements into our pea gravel calculator to determine how much gravel you need. 25 feet = 78.5 cubic feet in volume Using Our Gravel CalculatorĬalculations for squares and rectangles can be simple enough, but working with unusual shapes, especially triangles and circles, can add more complexity to your project estimates. You’d like to install gravel 3 inches (0.25 feet) deep. Imagine a circular project area with a 20-foot diameter. Then plug the diameter and the depth into the following formula: To calculate the volume of the circular space, you’ll need to measure the diameter (a straight line across the center of the circle). For simplicity, however, we will use 3.14 in our example below. For the most accurate results, use a calculator with a pi (π) symbol, rather than using 3.14. If you’re working with a circular shape, the calculations are even more complicated-but not impossible. * 0.25 feet = 37.5 cubic feet in volume Calculating Volume of a Circular Space You want your gravel to be 3 inches (0.25 feet) deep. The triangle’s base is 20 feet, and the height is 15 feet. To get the volume, take those two numbers, divide by 2, and multiply by your depth.įor example, a project area is shaped like a triangle. (The angle where the other two lines of the triangle meet.) Then measure the height-by drawing a perpendicular line from the base to the opposite vertex. Measure a single side of the triangle (we’ll call it the base). Triangle calculations are a little more complicated. You’d calculate:Ĥ0 feet * 20 feet * 0.25 feet = 200 cubic feet in volume Calculating Volume of a Triangular Space To calculate the volume of a square or rectangular space, just multiply length * width * depth.įor example, imagine a rectangular driveway that is 40 feet long and 20 feet wide, and you want 3 inches (0.25 feet) of depth for your gravel installation. Calculating Volume of a Square or Rectangular space A straightforward rectangle is easy enough to measure, but your project shape may be closer to a circle or a triangle-or may include different kinds of shapes that you’ll measure separately and add together. To standardize units of measurement, convert depth to feet by dividing by 12:Ĭalculating volume works a little differently depending on the shape of the project area. Depth is likely the only measurement you’ll have in inches. To calculate the volume of a project space, you’ll need to calculate the area of the space (usually length * width) and the depth of the space.įor most gravel installations, you’ll need to go between 2 and 4 inches in depth. Here’s how: Find a Gravel Installation Pro Near You Find Pros Step 1: Calculate the Volume of the Space While our gravel calculator is a helpful tool in estimating the amount of gravel you need, it’s possible to calculate the amount by hand using the measurements you collect. Instead, consider our landscaping rock calculator for larger rock fragments or our crushed stone calculator for projects utilizing crushed stone instead of gravel. If you’re using smaller or larger materials, don’t use this gravel calculator for your estimate. Smaller pieces would be considered pebbles, while larger material pieces would be considered rocks. Note: Our gravel calculator assumes gravel that is between 0.25 inches and 2 inches in diameter. If a number looks way off, remember to double-check that you’ve correctly converted it to the right unit of measure. When taking measurements, you might use various units of measure: inches, feet, and yards. Knowing how much gravel you need can help you better estimate how much a gravel driveway costs before hiring a contractor. Then you can input those measurements in our calculator to determine how much gravel your project requires.
If a Regular Pass is lost, stolen, or forgotten, the ID card can be replaced (only at the park of issue) for a non-refundable replacement fee, or a regular park admission ticket may be purchased at full gate price. A Regular Pass may also be revoked without refund, and the Passholder removed from the park for any misuse, failure to abide by applicable terms and conditions or conduct detrimental to the park, including theft of property or services, violation of Federal, State and Local laws, assisting any person to obtain unauthorized entry, violation of park rules, safety procedures, vandalism, disorderly conduct, intoxication, and possession of intoxicating liquors (except as properly purchased within the park with valid identification and used responsibly), drugs or weapons.Ī Regular Pass ID Card is required for admission at all times. and is non-transferable, non-refundable, non-exchangeable, and not valid for cash. All rides and attractions are subject to closings and cancellations for weather or other conditions.Ī Regular Pass is the property of Cedar Fair L.P. All operating dates and hours are subject to change without notice. Each visit is subject to applicable park rules and restrictions which are subject to change by park at any time in its sole discretion.Ī Regular Pass is not valid for private events, park buyouts, park closing due to full capacity, or special events at which an additional admission fee is charged. Any attempt to gain admission using a Regular Pass by a guest to whom the pass was not originally issued will result in immediate confiscation of the pass without refund. In order to gain entry to the park, a Regular Pass, with a photo of the Passholder taken during processing, must be displayed and validated at park turnstiles. Fees for parking, food, merchandise, games, pay-per-experience attractions, concerts, and special events are not included unless specifically noted at the end of these terms and conditions on a park-by-park basis. This pass also does not include admission to park areas not open to the general public or requires a separate admission fee. Passholders may only possess one valid season pass per season. No re-entry is permitted on select days throughout the season. A Season Pass is valid for only one visit per day, and a readmission hand stamp or pass scan is required for same-day re-entry. Regular Pass is valid only at the park from which it was issued and grants a revocable license to the registered holder for admission and use of all available rides (unless restricted by conditions that could ultimately prohibit someone from riding safely, including but not limited to height, weight, age, physical limitations such as pregnancy and heart conditions, or observed inappropriate behavior), shows and attractions on any regularly-scheduled operating day of the season to the amusement park or outdoor waterpark for which it was issued. The game does offer some DLC packs with additional cars and scenarios, but it would be even better if more variety were included in the base game.ĭespite these shortcomings, Car Mechanic Simulator 2021 manages to deliver an engaging and authentic experience for automobile enthusiasts and gamers alike. It would have been great to see more complex and unique challenges thrown your way, which would have added depth and longevity to the gameplay. While the initial repairs are interesting and diverse, as you progress, you start encountering similar issues repeatedly. Nevertheless, with time and practice, these hurdles can be overcome, and the gameplay becomes more enjoyable.Īnother aspect that falls short is the game's lack of variety in repair tasks. It would have been beneficial to have more intuitive controls, especially when dealing with small and delicate parts. Navigating through the menus can be a bit clunky at times, and the controls can feel overly sensitive, leading to occasional frustration. One of the main issues lies in the game's UI and controls. However, Car Mechanic Simulator 2021 isn't without its faults. Whether it's investing in a new lift or acquiring advanced diagnostic equipment, the constant progression adds depth and motivation to the overall experience. This sense of growth and accomplishment provides a satisfying gameplay loop that keeps you engaged for hours on end. As you complete repair jobs and gain experience, you'll unlock new tools, upgrades, and even the ability to expand your shop. The game's progression system is also well thought out. The game successfully captures the feeling of being a skilled mechanic, meticulously diagnosing and fixing issues to get the cars back on the road. From engines and transmissions to suspension systems and electrical wiring, the level of realism is impressive. The developers have clearly put a lot of effort into recreating the various car models and their intricate components. One of the standout features of Car Mechanic Simulator 2021 is its attention to detail. With an abundance of cars to fix, a wide range of tools at your disposal, and a satisfying progression system, the game manages to deliver a solid experience, despite a few hiccups. Car Mechanic Simulator 2021 puts you in the driver's seat of your very own car repair shop, offering an immersive experience for gamers who have always been intrigued by the inner workings of automobiles. (It’s named after James Watt, inventor of the steam engine.) Many newer bulbs are marked in lumens, which is the amount of light a particular bulb emits, and that’s because most new light bulbs, such as LEDs, use much less power than an incandescent bulb.įor example, a traditional 60-watt incandescent bulb emits 900 lumens of light and uses 60 watts of power. Not so very long ago, your main consideration in buying a light bulb was how many watts you needed: a 100-watt bulb for reading, for example, or a 60-watt bulb for a table lamp.Ī watt, however, is a measure of how much energy it takes to power a bulb - not how bright the bulb is. The average house has more than 20 light bulbs, meaning that switching to LEDs from incandescents could save you about $1,100 over the 10 years, or a bit more than $100 a year. (That cost also includes buying several replacement incandescent bulbs over the decade.) A CFL costs about $20 over the same span of time, and an LED costs an average of $13.70. According to the Consumer Federation of America, over 10 years the total cost - that’s the cost of the bulb and the power to run it - of using a 60-watt incandescent bulb would add up to about $70. You also need to take into account how often you’ll need to replace the bulbs and how much power you’ll use to run the light. The amount you pay for a single bulb, however, is just part of the cost. They tend to last about 2,500 hours, and burn even hotter than incandescent bulbs, so wait for one to cool off before you touch it.
I bill to multiple clients/projects daily and trying to track as I work is extremely difficult and distracting. The automated screenshot (every 60 seconds by default) combined with the extremely effective user interface for scanning the screenshots to determine how to bill my time makes ManicTime indispensable for my workflow and business. As I frequently jump from project to project, ManicTime ensures that I can work as I would like - bouncing between projects (driven for part of the day by email/Slack messages) and still charge each project correctly. For JIRA plugin to work, your site needs to have Accept remote API calls setting enabled.Kommentare: The challenge I have is tracking all the different projects I work on through the day to how much time should be billed to each. To get the Jira plugin, go to Plugin manager -> More plugins and install Jira. Issues from Jira will show up as tags within ManicTime. To setup a connection, you need to provide your username, password and a url to your site within Jira if you are using Jira Server. You need to provide only url to site, for example: #Programs like manictime password If you re using Jira cloud you only need to select Jira cloud and press connect. Issues will have the following format in ManicTime:, # Once you do, you can choose projects from which issues will be imported. You can choose to also add closed issues. Whatever you write in Starting tags will be prepended to issue. For example you can write Work, then all issues will start with Work. Once connection is established, Jira tags should be available in Add tag window, so you can use the issues in your tags. Once you tag some time with Jira tags, you can transfer them back to Jira. Tempo token is optional, if you do not use Tempo plugin in Jira just leave it empty.īy default, Jira does not provide a billable tag, so billable will not be transferred. Popular Jira plugin, Tempo, does support billable, so if you are using using Tempo plugin, ManicTime can also transfer billable. Your access to Tempo add-on should be enabled by your Jira Administrator and when you log in to Jira with your account, you should navigate from Jira Software -> Tempo -> API Integration -> Settings, then click on "Get access token". Now when you transfer tags to Jira, billable flag should be transferred as well. To use the plugin you must first install it. You can install it under Plugin manager, More plugins tab. Then, you need to do is click Connect to authenticate.Īfter that you need to set hourly rate, if you want to send Billable tags back to QuickBooks Online. Tags from QuickBooks Online will look like, Project or Customer from QuickBooks We suggest you prefix tags coming from QuickBooks Online with at least " QuickBooks " tag, so you can later identify them in Add tag window. , Project or Customer from QuickBooks, Custom tagĪs you can see you can define “your own” QuickBooks tags or add custom text to existing QuickBooks tags, but to use this feature you MUST set the Starting Tags field otherwise you can only use the first two formats. You can also send tags back to QuickBooks as time activities. Freshbooks classic pluginįreshBooks is a widely used accounting software, which you can now use with ManicTime.Īll you need to do, is to go to Plugins -> Activities from QuickBooks Online -> Save work.Īnd then a screen will pop up, where you can choose, for which days you want to send tags as time entries to QuickBooks and if you like to round time or group tags and what do you want to send as time activity’s description back to QuickBooks online. This plugin will import tasks from FreshBooks, use them to tag your time, then push them back to FreshBooks as work. You need to enter your account url, so for example Ī web page will open up, where you need to confirm access to this account. Preceding tag you defined, Project from FreshBooks \, Task from Freshbooks\ We suggest you prefix tags coming from FreshBooks with "FreshBooks" tag, so you can later identify them in Add tag window. This will send tags you created in ManicTime back to FreshBooks Then go to plugns - If you want to help support this service, host your next I2P site on Digitalocean using my referral link. This service is provided free-of-charge to the i2p community by idk. b32.i2p address which you need for your client tunnel is: 2p Support the Service Given that the software includes all the needed features, this kind of operation will be easy to achieve. In order to use this service with an SSH client, you must set up a tunnel for use with the SSH address as described on the I2P Project site here: What are the key features of Sothink SWF Decompiler Ripping: SWF Decompiler and Editor decompiles your flash files and splits them into several files. Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: If you try to check for update it shows that you can get the latest version for 34.95 (half price) Tags : free, full version, genuine license free, giveaway. When you run the Sothink SWF Decompiler 4.5. b32.i2p addresses most naturally map to host:port pairs in this case, there are two addresses for this service, one for HTTP, and one for SSH. Download and install the Sothink SWF Decompiler 4.5. onion : 47ggr2fa3vnwfyhvgskzdmr3i32eijwymxohtxsls45dulmriwxszjad.onion Important Reminderīecause this is primarily an I2P service and because. You can also explore projects without logging in. If you use the mail.i2p address, you will not be able to recieve notifications or complete the signup process. If you get your e-mail service from the Postman, use the address and not the mail.i2p address. Sothink Swf Decompiler Crack 2022 Full Version Free Download.The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) is a fully encrypted, peer-to-peer private network layer that has been developed with privacy and security by design in order to provide protection for your activity, location and your identity.įor more information or to download the software, visit the project homepage on the visible internet or the invisible internet.Sothink Swf Decompiler Key 7.5 Torrent For Mac/Windows.Sothink Swf Decompiler 7 Crack Torrent For Windows 7/8/10/11.Sothink SWF Decompiler Crack is a one of the best software that empowers you to convert SWF files to FLA format, extract SWF resources including pictures, sounds etc SWF Decompiler is the genuine SWF converter program in the market. Sothink Swf Decompiler 7 Key Latest Version For 32Bit Windows. Sothink Decompiler 7.4 Serial Key Generator.Sothink Swf Decompiler 7.6 Crack Full Version For 64Bit Windows.Why Do We Need a Sothink Swf Decompiler 7.5 Crack to catch and save web Flash animation for further editing?.Key Features Of Sothink Swf Decompiler 7 Key.Tools Of Sothink Swf Decompiler 7 Crack.
Flat-bottomed paper bags, which were sturdier and more useful, were expensively made by hand. Machines for producing these envelope-style bags were the subject of three patents issued to Francis Wolle in 1852, 1855, and 1858. They were also poorly suited to bulky items, such as groceries and hardware goods. She noticed that the envelope-shaped machine-made paper bags they produced were weak and narrow, and could not stand on their bases. Knight moved to Springfield, Massachusetts in 1867 and was hired by the Columbia Paper Bag Company. Knight is clearly identified in this patent. At the time, many female inventors and writers concealed their gender by using only an initial instead of their given name, but Margaret E. Knight's first patent, issued in 1870, was for an "improvement in paper-feeding machines", a "pneumatic paper-feeder" with applications in printing presses and paper-folding machines her paper bag machine would feature a three-step folding process in forming the flat bottom. In her teens and early 20s she held several jobs, including in home repair, daguerreotype photography, engraving, and furniture upholstery. Health problems precluded Knight from continuing to work at the cotton mill. The device was never patented and its exact nature is unknown, though it may have been either a device to stop the loom when the shuttle thread broke or a guard to physically block a flying shuttle. Within weeks she invented a safety device for the loom, which was later adopted by other Manchester mills. ġ2-year-old Knight witnessed an accident at the mill in which a worker was stabbed by a steel-tipped shuttle that shot out of a mechanical loom. Any formal education she had was limited to secondary school, as she left to work in the mills at age 12 with her siblings. Knight and her brothers, Charlie and Jim, were raised by their widowed mother Knight's father died when she was young, after which the impoverished family moved to Manchester, New Hampshire, where employment was available in the cotton mills. As a little girl, “Mattie,” as her parents and friends nicknamed her, preferred to play with woodworking tools instead of dolls, stating that “the only things wanted were a jack knife, a gimlet, and pieces of wood.” She was known as a child for her kites and sleds. Knight was born in York, Maine on February 14, 1838, to Hannah Teal and James Knight. Knight received dozens of patents in different fields, and became a symbol for women's empowerment. She founded the Eastern Paper Bag Company in 1870, creating paper bags for groceries similar in form to the ones that would be used in later generations. She has been called "the most famous 19th-century woman inventor". Margaret Eloise Knight (Febru– Octo ) was an American inventor, notably of a machine to produce flat-bottomed paper bags. Machine to produce flat-bottomed paper bags |